Linguistics

 Language features that let you indicate how you know what you're talking about (for example 'I saw this myself' or 'That guy told me about this' or 'It's obvious that X happened because we know Y') can be called evidential or mediaphoric features. --Erin McKean

Evidentials:

Evidentiality is a grammatical category with source of information as its primary meaning—whether the speaker saw the event happen, did not see it but heard it, made an inference based on general knowledge or visual traces, or was told about it. Languages may distinguish firsthand and nonfirsthand information or have a special marker just for reported evidentiality. In larger evidential systems, firsthand or visual evidential may contrast with nonvisual, inferred, assumed, and reported. Evidentiality is a verbal category in its own right. It does not bear any straightforward relationship to the expression of the speaker’s responsibility or attitude toward the statement. Neither is evidentiality a subcategory of modality or a tense. Nonevidential categories, including perfect aspect, past tense, conditional, and other modalities and complementation devices, can develop meanings related to information source. French linguists employ the term “mediative.” Scholars of Quechua use the term “validational” or “verificational.”

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Pertaining to...

Alligator = Eusuchian

Alpace/Alpaca = Cameline

Ant = Formicine, Myrmecine

Anteater = Myrmecophagine

Antelope = Alcelaphine, Antilopine, Bubaline

Ape = Simian

Arctic Fox = Alopine

Armadillo = Dasypine, Tolypeutine

Ass = Asinine

Auk = Alcidine

Badger = Musteline

Bandicoot = Isodine

Barracuda = Percesocine

Bat = Noctilionine, Pteropine

Bear = Ursine

Beaver = Castorine

Bee = Apian

Bird = Avian, Avine, Muscicapine, Passerine, Penduline, Volucrine

Bison = Bisontine

Blackbird = Icterine

Bluebird = Turdine

Buffalo = Bubaline

Bull = Taurine

Bullfinch = Pyrrhuline

Bunting = Emberizine, Pyrrhuloxine

Butterfly = Pieridine, Pierine

Buzzard = Buteonine, Carthatine

Calf = Vituline

Camel = Cameline

Cardinal = Pyrrhuloxine

Cat = Feline

Chamois = Rupicaprine

Chicken = Galline

Civet = Viverrine

Cobra = Elapine

Coral = Coralline

Cormorant = Phalacrocoracine

Cottontail = Sylvine

Cow = Bovine, fem. Vaccine

Crab = Cancrine

Crane = Alextorine

Crocodile = Crocodilian

Crow = Corvine

Cuckoo = Cuculine

Deer = Cervine, Elaphine

Dodo = Didine

Dog = Canine

Dolphin = Delphine

Donkey = Asinine, Equine

Dormouse = Myoxine

Dove = Columbine

Dragon = Draconine

Duck = Anatine, Fuliguline

Eagle = Aquiline

Earthworm = Lumbricine

Elephant = Proboscine, Elephantine

Elk = Cervine

Emu/ Rhea/ Ostrich = Struthious

Ermine = Musteline

Falcon = Accipitrine

Fennec = Vulpine

Ferret = Musteline

Finch = Fringilline

Fish = Piscine

Flamingo = Phoenicopterine

Flea = Pulicine

Flying Fox = Pteropine

Flying Squirrel – Petaurine

Fox = Vulpine

Frog =  Bufotine, Ranine

Gazelle = Gazelline

Gerbil = Cricetine

Gibbon = Hylobatine

Gila Monster = Helodine

Giraffe = Giraffine

Goat = Caprine, Hirsine (smelly)

Goose = Anatine, Anserine

Guanaco = Cameline

Guinea Pig = Cavine

Gull = Larine

Hamster = Cricetine

Hare = Leporine, Levorine

Hawk = Accipitrine, Falconine

Hippopotamus = Hippopotamine

Hog = Suilline, Suine

Hornet = Vespine

Horse = Equine

Human = Hominine

Hummingbird = Trochiline

Hyena = Hyenine

Ibex = Caprine

Iguana = Iguanian

Insect -= Insectile

Jay = Garruline

Kangaroo = Macropodine

Kestrel = Falconine

Killer Whale = Orcine

Kingfisher = Halcyonine

Kite = Milvine

Leech = Hirudine

Lemming = Microtine

Lemur = Lemurine

Leopard = Pardine

Limpet = Patelline

Lion = Leonine

Lizard = Lacertilian, Lacertine, Saurian

Llama = Cameline

Lobster = Homarine

Louse = Pediculine

Macaw = Psittacine

Magpie = Garulline

Mallard = Anatine

Manatee = Manatine, Sirenian

Marten = Musteline

Martin = Hirundine

Meadowlark = Icterine

Mink = Musteline

Mite = Acarine

Mockingbird = Mimine

Mole = Talpine

Mongoose = Herpestine, Viverrine

Monitor Lizard = Varanine

Moose = Cervine

Mosquito = Aedine, Anopheline

Moth = Arstian

Mouse = Murine, Penduline

Mule = Muline

Nightingale = Philomelian

Octopus = Octopine

Opossum = Didelphine

Orangutan = Pongine

Oriole = Icterine

Oryx = Orygine

Ostrich/ Emu/ Rhea = Struthious

Otter = Musteline, Lutine

Ox = Bovine

Oyster = Ostracine

Panther = Pantherine

Parrot = Paittacine

Partridge = Perdicine

Peacock = Pavonine

Penguin = Spheniscine

Pheasant = Alectorine, Phasianine

Pig = Porcine

Pigeon = Pullastrine

Platypus = Ornithirhynchine

Plover = Charadrine

Polecat = Musteline

Frog Applause, Sunday, January 16, 2022

Porcupine = Hystricine

Porpoise = Phocarnine

Python = Pythonine

Quail = Coturnine

Rabbit = Lapine, Leporine

Raccoon = Procyonine

Rail = Ralline

Ram = Arietine

Rat = Murine

Rattlesnake = Crotaline

Raven = Corvine

Reindeer = Rangiferine

Reptile = Reptilian

Rhea/ Ostrich/ Emu = Struthious

Rhinoceros = Ceratorhine, Rhinerocerine

Robin = Turdine

Rodent = Glirine

Roebuck= Capreoline

Sable = Martine, Zibeline

Salamander = Salamandrine

Salmon = Salmonine

Sandpiper = Actinine

Sea Horse = Hippocampine

Sea Lion = Otarine

Seal = Otarine, Phocine

Sheep = Ovine

Shrew = Soricine

Silkworm = Bombycine

Skunk - Musteline

Skylark = Alaudine

Sloth =Iki

Slug = Limacine

Smelt = Atherine

Snake = Anguine, Columbine (Garter, King), Elapine, Ophidian, Reptilian, Serpentine, Viperine

Snipe = Charadrine

Songbird = Oscine

Sparrow = Passerine

Spider = Arachnine

Squirrel = Sciurine

Stoat = Musteline

Stork = Ciconine

Sturgeon = Acipenserine

Swallow = Hirundine

Swan = Cygnine

Swift = Cypseline

Tasmanian Devil = Sarcophine

Termite = Termitine

Terrapin = Terrapine

Thrush = Turdine

Tick = Acarine

Tiger = Tigrine

Toad = Batrachian

Tortoise = Chelonian, Geochine, Testudine

Turkey = Meleagrine

Turtle = Chelonian, Terrapine

Umbrellabird = Cephalopteine

Viper = Viperine

Vole = Microtine

Vulture = Vulturine, Aegypine

Wasp = Vespine

Waterbuck = Kobine

Weasel = Musteline

Whale = Cetacean

Wildebeest = Alcelaphine

Wolf = Lupine

Wolverine = Musteline

Wombat = Phascolomian

Woodcock = Charadrine, Scolopacine

Worm = Vermian

Wren = Troglodytine

X-ray Fish = Tetragonopterinine

Yak = Bosine

Zebra = Hippotigrine, Zebrine

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Birdhouses, rock art, fabric art, metal art, etc.

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I have a lot of respect and awe for anyone who can create such masterpieces. I love unusual birdhouses. Anything made with wood-- with an antique look catches my eye. I'm not much for cutesy. 

On a similar subject, my older brother (who I love dearly and who is my hero!) is currently creating several nesting boxes for my aviary.

Did I mention that I had a sudden death event in my aviary? Fifty birds dead in one day. I had to bury them all by myself. I raised most from an egg. I have 19 birds left. In order to build back my cage-free aviary, I'm hoping to entice my little hens to start laying eggs and raising babies. At present, I have a ragtag collection of odd-size nesting boxes that some hens fight over to the point of bloody bald heads. Parakeet hens can be ruthless. I've had hens who sneak into another hen's nesting box and smash all her eggs and kill any newborns inside. My boy parakeets are pleasantly passive. They would NEVER hurt a hen and even between themselves, a lively chase that includes stepping on their opponent's tail or a swift kick that never amount to much is the extent of their violent nature. Little boys have a blue cere. Girls have a brown bumpy cere. It's harder to classify non-albino yellow or white birds. Their ceres are pinkish or a soft lavender. There are two kinds of albinos. I have raised both. A blue series albino is white with red eyes. A green series albino (also called a lutino) is all yellow with red eyes. In my experience, albino hens make the best mamas. I have some hens that love to sit on eggs; others prefer to take care of newborns. I lost most of my best hens to the death event, but I do have a few left. I currently have 12 eggs that I'm hoping will hatch. When they do, I will give them to my newborn-loving hen and her mate to take care of. Some boys are good mothers. They sit on eggs, help to feed the newborns and are relentlessly kind and attentive to their ladylove. My most devoted male parakeet was Jean-Claude. He didn't make it. I don't have anyone even close to Jean-Claude left. Perhaps I will hatch a new Jean-Claude among the new hatchings. It takes approximately 18 days for an egg to hatch and six weeks for a newborn to fly around the room. I could go on and on about my birds. Sorry to bore everyone.